What electrons participate in chemical bonding?

so to find the empirical formula you have to simplify. what is something you can take out of all three? the number three, so divide everything by three leaving you with (c2h6o). i hope this !

option a - atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full valence shell.

explanation

the octet rule is best explained as atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full valence shell complete or to attain electronic configuration of noble gases. the main objective to do this is to attain stability.   the octet rule is a rule that shows the view that atoms of elements serve to join like that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, providing it the same electron configuration as a noble gas.

here, we have to choose the effect of the enthalpy change on addition of pentane in water, as per the hess's law.

the largest change of enthalpy will be found in the solute.  

the hess's law of constant heat summation states that for a given chemical process the net heat change will be same irrespective of the steps involve in this.

now, for addition of non polar pentane in water there basically no reaction will happen and it will behave as a heterogeneous mixture. however this addition will affect the δh(solute) and δh(mixture).

due to the presence of non-polar molecule in highly polar solvent (h₂o) there will be no change of water molecules but the solute will shrink in a less volume, which will affect the van der waal's force/london dispersion force of attraction between the molecules.

both these attractions will increase the enthalpy of the solute. on the other hand the enthalpy of the mixture will also change.

the largest change of enthalpy will be found in the solute.